Dalbergia belongs to the subfamily Mimosoideae within the family Fabaceae, and includes a number of valuable timber-yielding species of economic importance, including Brazilian rosewood ( Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Alleinao ex Benth.), Indian rosewood ( Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.), Madagascar rosewood ( Dalbergia maritima R. The genus Dalbergia, which comprises approximately 250 species of trees, shrubs, and woody climbers, is widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, with Amazonia, Madagascar, Africa, and Indonesia being considered centers of high diversity 1, 2. Based on comparison of chloroplast genomes, we identified a set of highly variable markers that can be developed as specific DNA barcodes. Phylogenetic analyses based on whole chloroplast genome data provided the best resolution of Dalbergia, and phylogenetic analysis of the Fabaceae showed that Dalbergia was sister to Arachis. We identified eight mutation hotspots, namely, six intergenic spacer regions ( trnL-trnT, atpA-trnG, rps16-accD, petG-psaJ, ndhF-trnL, and ndhG-ndhI) and two coding regions ( ycf1a and ycf1b), as candidate DNA barcodes for Dalbergia. We found that these chloroplast genomes were conserved with respect to genome size, structure, and gene content and showed low sequence divergence. In this study, we sequenced and compared the chloroplast genomes of nine species of Dalbergia. For the rapid and accurate identification of Dalbergia species and assessment of phylogenetic relationships, it would be highly desirable to develop more effective DNA barcodes for these species. To enforce protective legislation and ensure effective conservation of Dalbergia species, the identity of wood being traded must be accurately validated. However, these species are among the most threatened due to illegal logging and the timber trade. The pantropical plant genus Dalbergia comprises approximately 250 species, most of which have a high economic and ecological value.
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